House Votes on 2009-H682

Notebooks:

Bill Sponsorships

Policy Reports

Memberships/ Affiliations

Memberships / Affiliations

Group Ratings

Court Rulings

Bill Sponsorships by Presidential Contenders:

Rep. Bob Barr (L)

Sen. Joe Biden (D, VP)

Sen. John McCain (R)

Rep. Cynthia McKinney (G)

Sen. Barack Obama (D)

Gov. Sarah Palin (R, VP)

Primary contenders:

Candidate Grids

Book Reviews

(from Amazon.com)

(click a book cover for a review or other books by or about Gore from Amazon.com)

Site Map

Home
(Main page)

Issues
(Quotations organized by topic)

Leaders
(Quotations organized by politician)

Recent
(Most recent quotation for each person)

Candidate Grid
(Summary by candidate of positions on each topic)

House Votes on 2009-H682

Presidential contenders

Bill Sponsorships

Senate Signature Issues

Memberships / Affiliations

Court Rulings

Bill Sponsorships by Presidential Contenders:

Rep. Cynthia McKinney

Candidate Grids

Book Reviews

(from Amazon.com)

(click a book cover for a review or other books by or about Gore from Amazon.com)

Site Map

Home
(Main page)

Issues
(Quotations organized by topic)

Leaders
(Quotations organized by politician)

Recent
(Most recent quotation for each person)

Candidate Grid
(Summary by candidate of positions on each topic)

Vote number 2009-H682 $2 billion more for Cash for Clunkers program
on Jul 31, 2009 regarding bill H.R. 3435 Cash for Clunkers bill
Results: Passed 316-109 (2/3rds required)

Congressional Summary:Emergency supplemental appropriations of $2 billion for the Consumer Assistance to Recycle and Save (CARS) Program.
Proponent's argument to vote Yes:Rep. OBEY (D, WI-7): The cash for clunkers program has proven even more wildly popular than its strongest supporters had predicted. Just last month, Congress passed the program, which provided up to $4,500 if you trade in your old gas guzzler for a new car that gets better mileage. That was done in the hopes of spurring some new car sales and encouraging people to be a little more environmentally friendly. We provided $1 billion in the supplemental to get it going, enough for about 250,000 sales--which was just about exhausted in one week. This bill transfers $2 billion from the Department of Energy's Innovative Technology Loan Guarantee program, which doesn't expect to award funding until late next year.
Opponent's argument to vote No:Rep. LEWIS (R, CA-41): In the majority's haste to slam legislation with no time for consideration or amendments, we are now seeing the effects of such shortsighted martial law tactics.
Senator Feinstein tried to negotiate some changes to improve the program but was told that it was this way or the highway. Not one hearing on the Cash for Clunkers program, not one hearing on how the first billion dollars has been spent, not one hearing on how much money the program will need to get through the fiscal year.
Many of my colleagues will say, This is a great program, and it is necessary for the revitalization of the car industry. I'm not really going to argue with those goals. However, are we sure this program is working like it's supposed to? I don't think so. This program has only been up and running 1 week. If that is how the government is going to handle billion-dollar programs affecting all Americans, I ask, Whatever will we do if the administration takes control of our health care system?

Categorized under Environment

Voting YES counts for 1 points on VoteMatch question 18:
Replace coal & oil with alternatives;
Voting NO counts for -1 points on VoteMatch question 18.

Democrats voting on 2009-H682

Neil Abercrombie YES Hawaii Democrat (Resigned 2010)

Gary Ackerman YES New York Dem./Ind./Lib./Working-Fam.

John Adler YES New Jersey Democrat (until 2010)

Jason Altmire YES Pennsylvania Democrat

Rob Andrews YES New Jersey Democrat

Michael Arcuri YES New York Democrat (until 2010)

Joe Baca YES California Democrat

Brian Baird NO Washington Democrat (until 2010)

Tammy Baldwin YES Wisconsin Democrat

John Barrow YES Georgia Democrat

Melissa Bean YES Illinois Democrat (Unseated 2010)

Xavier Becerra YES California Democrat

Shelley Berkley YES Nevada Democrat (Senate run 2012)

Howard Berman YES California Democrat

Sanford Bishop YES Georgia Democrat

Timothy Bishop YES New York Democrat

Earl Blumenauer NO Oregon Democrat

John Boccieri YES Ohio Democrat (until 2010)

Dan Boren YES Oklahoma Democrat (Retiring 2012)

Leonard Boswell YES Iowa Democrat

Rick Boucher YES Virginia Democrat (until 2010)

Robert Brady YES Pennsylvania Democrat

Bruce Braley YES Iowa Democrat

Bobby Bright YES Alabama Democrat (Unseated 2010)

Corrine Brown YES Florida Democrat

G.K. Butterfield YES North Carolina Democrat

Lois Capps YES California Democrat

Michael Capuano YES Massachusetts Democrat

Dennis Cardoza YES California Democrat

Russ Carnahan YES Missouri Democrat

Chris Carney YES Pennsylvania Democrat (until 2010)

Andre Carson YES Indiana Democrat

Kathy Castor YES Florida Democrat

Ben Chandler YES Kentucky Democrat

Travis Childers YES Mississippi Democrat (until 2010)

Judy Chu YES California Democrat

Yvette Clarke YES New York Democrat

William Lacy Clay YES Missouri Democrat

Emmanuel Cleaver YES Missouri Democrat

James Clyburn YES South Carolina Democrat

Steve Cohen YES Tennessee Democrat

Gerry Connolly YES Virginia Democrat

John Conyers YES Michigan Democrat

Jim Cooper YES Tennessee Democrat

Jim Costa YES California Democrat

Jerry Costello YES Illinois Democrat

Joe Courtney YES Connecticut Democrat

Joseph Crowley YES New York Democrat

Henry Cuellar YES Texas Democrat

Elijah Cummings YES Maryland Democrat

Kathy Dahlkemper YES Pennsylvania Democrat (until 2010)

Danny Davis YES Illinois Democrat

Lincoln Davis YES Tennessee Democrat (until 2010)

Susan Davis YES California Democrat

Peter Defazio YES Oregon Democrat

Diana DeGette YES Colorado Democrat

Bill Delahunt YES Massachusetts Democrat (until 2010)

Rosa DeLauro YES Connecticut Democrat

Norm Dicks YES Washington Democrat

John Dingell YES Michigan Democrat

Lloyd Doggett NO Texas Democrat

Joe Donnelly YES Indiana Democrat (Senate run 2012)

Mike Doyle YES Pennsylvania Democrat

Steven Driehaus YES Ohio Democrat (until 2010)

Chet Edwards YES Texas Democrat (until 2010)

Donna Edwards YES Maryland Democrat

Keith Ellison YES Minnesota Democrat

Brad Ellsworth YES Indiana Democrat (until 2010)

Eliot Engel YES New York Democrat/Liberal

Anna Eshoo YES California Democrat

Bob Etheridge YES North Carolina Democrat (Unseated 2010)

Sam Farr YES California Democrat

Chaka Fattah YES Pennsylvania Democrat

Bob Filner YES California Democrat (Mayoral run 2011)

Bill Foster YES Illinois Democrat (until 2010)

Barney Frank YES Massachusetts Democrat

Marcia Fudge YES Ohio Democrat

Gabby Giffords NO Arizona Democrat

Charles Gonzalez YES Texas Democrat

Bart Gordon YES Tennessee Democrat (until 2010)

Al Green YES Texas Democrat

Gene Green YES Texas Democrat

Raul Grijalva YES Arizona Democrat

Luis Gutierrez YES Illinois Democrat

John Hall YES New York Democrat (until 2010)

Ralph Moody Hall YES Texas Democrat

Debbie Halvorson YES Illinois Democrat (until 2010)

Phil Hare YES Illinois Democrat (until 2010)

Jane Harman YES California Democrat (Resigned 2011)

Alcee Hastings YES Florida Democrat

Martin Heinrich YES New Mexico Democrat (Senate run 2012)

Stephanie Herseth NO South Dakota Democratic (until 2010)

Brian Higgins YES New York Democrat

Baron Hill YES Indiana Democrat (until 2010)

Jim Himes YES Connecticut Democrat

Maurice Hinchey YES New York Dem./Ind./Lib./Working-Fam.

Ruben Hinojosa YES Texas Democrat

Mazie Hirono YES Hawaii Democrat (Senate run 2012)

Paul Hodes YES New Hampshire Democrat (until 2010)

Tim Holden YES Pennsylvania Democrat

Rush Holt YES New Jersey Democrat

Mike Honda YES California Democrat

Steny Hoyer YES Maryland Democrat

Jay Inslee YES Washington Democrat

Steve Israel YES New York Democrat

Jesse Louis Jackson YES Illinois Democrat

Sheila Jackson Lee YES Texas Democrat

Eddie Bernice Johnson YES Texas Democrat

Hank Johnson YES Georgia Democrat

Steve Kagen YES Wisconsin Democrat (until 2010)

Paul Kanjorski YES Pennsylvania Democrat (until 2010)

Marcy Kaptur YES Ohio Democrat

Patrick Kennedy YES Rhode Island Democrat (until 2010)

Dale Kildee YES Michigan Democrat

Carolyn Kilpatrick YES Michigan Democrat (until 2010)

Mary Jo Kilroy YES Ohio Democrat (until 2010)

Ron Kind YES Wisconsin Democrat

Larry Kissell YES North Carolina Democrat

Frank Kratovil YES Maryland Democrat (until 2010)

Dennis Kucinich YES Ohio Democrat

James Langevin YES Rhode Island Democrat

Rick Larsen YES Washington Democrat

John Larson YES Connecticut Democrat

Barbara Lee YES California Democrat

Sander Levin YES Michigan Democrat

John Lewis YES Georgia Democrat

Dan Lipinski YES Illinois Democrat

David Loebsack YES Iowa Democrat

Zoe Lofgren YES California Democrat

Nita Lowey YES New York Democrat

Ben Ray Lujan YES New Mexico Democrat

Cynthia Lummis NO Wyoming Democrat

Steve Lynch YES Massachusetts Democrat

Dan Maffei YES New York Democrat (Unseated 2010)

Carolyn Maloney YES New York Democrat/Liberal

Ed Markey YES Massachusetts Democrat

Eric Massa YES New York Democrat (until 2010)

Jim Matheson YES Utah Democrat

Doris Matsui YES California Democrat

Betty McCollum YES Minnesota Democrat

Jim McDermott YES Washington Democrat

Jim McGovern YES Massachusetts Democrat

Mike McIntyre YES North Carolina Democrat

Mike McMahon YES New York Democrat (until 2010)

Jerry McNerney YES California Democrat

Gregory Meeks YES New York Dem./Working-Families

Charles Melancon YES Louisiana Democrat (until 2010)

Michael Michaud YES Maine Democrat

Brad Miller YES North Carolina Democrat

George Miller YES California Democrat

Alan Mollohan YES West Virginia Democrat

Dennis Moore YES Kansas Democrat (until 2010)

Gwen Moore YES Wisconsin Democrat

James Moran YES Virginia Democrat

Chris Murphy YES Connecticut Democrat (Senate run 2012)

Patrick Murphy YES Pennsylvania Democrat (until 2010)

Scott Murphy NO New York Democrat (until 2010)

John Murtha YES Pennsylvania Democrat (Deceased Feb. 2010)

Jerrold Nadler YES New York Dem./Lib./Working-Families

Grace Napolitano YES California Democrat

Richard Neal YES Massachusetts Democrat

Glenn Nye YES Virginia Democrat (until 2010)

James Oberstar YES Minnesota Dem./Farmer/Labor (until 2010)

David Obey YES Wisconsin Democrat (until 2010)

John Olver YES Massachusetts Democrat

Solomon Ortiz YES Texas Democrat (Unseated 2010)

Frank Pallone YES New Jersey Democrat

Bill Pascrell YES New Jersey Democrat

Ed Pastor YES Arizona Democrat

Donald Payne YES New Jersey Democrat

Ed Perlmutter YES Colorado Democrat

Tom Perriello YES Virginia Democrat (until 2010)

Gary Peters YES Michigan Democrat

Collin Peterson NO Minnesota Democrat/Farmer/Labor

Chellie Pingree YES Maine Democrat

Jared Polis NO Colorado Democrat

Earl Pomeroy YES North Dakota Democrat (until 2010)

David Eugene Price YES North Carolina Democrat

Mike Quigley YES Illinois Democrat

Nick Rahall YES West Virginia Democrat

Charles Rangel YES New York Dem./Lib./Working-Families

Silvestre Reyes YES Texas Democrat

Laura Richardson YES California Democrat

Ciro Rodriguez YES Texas Democrat (until 2010)

Mike Ross YES Arkansas Democrat

Steven Rothman YES New Jersey Democrat

Lucille Roybal-Allard YES California Democrat

Dutch Ruppersberger YES Maryland Democrat

Bobby Rush YES Illinois Democrat

Tim Ryan YES Ohio Democrat

Linda Sanchez YES California Democrat

Loretta Sanchez YES California Democrat

John Sarbanes YES Maryland Democrat

Jan Schakowsky YES Illinois Democrat

Mark Schauer YES Michigan Democrat (until 2010)

Adam Schiff YES California Democrat

Kurt Schrader NO Oregon Democrat

Allyson Schwartz YES Pennsylvania Democrat

Bobby Scott YES Virginia Democrat

David Scott YES Georgia Democrat

Jose Serrano YES New York Democrat/Liberal

Joe Sestak YES Pennsylvania Democrat (until 2010)

Carol Shea-Porter YES New Hampshire Democrat (until 2010)

Brad Sherman YES California Democrat

Heath Shuler YES North Carolina Democrat

Albio Sires YES New Jersey Democrat

Ike Skelton YES Missouri Democrat (until 2010)

Louise Slaughter YES New York Democrat

David Adam Smith YES Washington Democrat

Zack Space YES Ohio Democrat (until 2010)

Jackie Speier YES California Democrat

John Spratt YES South Carolina Democrat (until 2010)

Pete Stark YES California Democrat

Bart Stupak YES Michigan Democrat (until 2010)

Betty Sutton YES Ohio Democrat

John Tanner YES Tennessee Democrat (until 2010)

Gene Taylor YES Mississippi Democrat (until 2010)

Harry Teague YES New Mexico Democrat (until 2010)

Bennie Thompson YES Mississippi Democrat

Mike Thompson YES California Democrat

John Tierney NO Massachusetts Democrat

Dina Titus YES Nevada Democrat (until 2010)

Paul Tonko YES New York Democrat

Ed Towns YES New York Democrat/Liberal

Niki Tsongas YES Massachusetts Democrat

Chris Van Hollen YES Maryland Democrat

Nydia Velazquez YES New York Democrat/Working-Families

Peter Visclosky YES Indiana Democrat

Tim Walz YES Minnesota Democrat

Debbie Wasserman Schultz YES Florida Democrat

Maxine Waters YES California Democrat

Mel Watt YES North Carolina Democrat

Henry Waxman YES California Democrat

Anthony Weiner YES New York Democrat (Resigned 2011)

Peter Welch YES Vermont Democrat

Robert Wexler YES Florida Democrat (resigned Jan. 2010)

Charlie Wilson YES Ohio Democrat (until 2010)

Lynn Woolsey YES California Democrat (Retiring 2012)

David Wu YES Oregon Democrat

John Yarmuth YES Kentucky Democrat

Republicans voting on 2009-H682

Robert Aderholt YES Alabama Republican

Todd Akin NO Missouri Republican (Senate run 2012)

Rodney Alexander NO Louisiana Republican

Steve Austria YES Ohio Republican

Michele Bachmann NO Minnesota Republican

Spencer Bachus YES Alabama Republican

Gresham Barrett NO South Carolina Republican (until 2010)

Roscoe Bartlett NO Maryland Republican

Joe Linus Barton YES Texas Republican

Judy Biggert YES Illinois Republican

Brian Bilbray YES California Republican

Gus Bilirakis NO Florida Republican

Rob Bishop NO Utah Republican

Marsha Blackburn NO Tennessee Republican

Roy Blunt YES Missouri Republican (until 2010)

John Boehner NO Ohio Republican

Jo Bonner NO Alabama Republican

Mary Bono YES California Republican

Charles Boustany YES Louisiana Republican

Kevin Brady NO Texas Republican

Paul Broun NO Georgia Republican

Henry Brown NO South Carolina Republican (until 2010)

Michael Burgess NO Texas Republican

Dan Burton YES Indiana Republican

Steve Buyer YES Indiana Republican (until 2010)

Ken Calvert YES California Republican

Dave Camp YES Michigan Republican

John Campbell YES California Republican

Eric Cantor NO Virginia Republican

Joseph Cao YES Louisiana Republican (until 2010)

Shelley Moore Capito YES West Virginia Republican

John Carter NO Texas Republican

Bill Cassidy YES Louisiana Republican

Jason Chaffetz NO Utah Republican (Senate run 2012)

John Howard Coble YES North Carolina Republican

Mike Coffman NO Colorado Republican

Tom Cole NO Oklahoma Republican

Mike Conaway NO Texas Republican

Ander Crenshaw NO Florida Republican

John Culberson NO Texas Republican

Geoff Davis YES Kentucky Republican

Charles Dent NO Pennsylvania Republican

Mario Diaz-Balart YES Florida Republican

David Dreier YES California Republican

Jimmy Duncan YES Tennessee Republican

Vernon Ehlers YES Michigan Republican (until 2010)

Jo Ann Emerson YES Missouri Republican

Mary Fallin NO Oklahoma Republican (until 2010)

Jeff Flake NO Arizona Republican (Senate run 2012)

John Fleming NO Louisiana Republican

Randy Forbes NO Virginia Republican

Jeff Fortenberry NO Nebraska Republican

Virginia Foxx NO North Carolina Republican

Trent Franks NO Arizona Republican

Rodney Frelinghuysen NO New Jersey Republican

Elton Gallegly NO California Republican

Scott Garrett NO New Jersey Republican

Jim Gerlach YES Pennsylvania Republican

Phil Gingrey YES Georgia Republican

Bob Goodlatte NO Virginia Republican

Kay Granger NO Texas Republican

Samuel Graves NO Missouri Republican

Brett Guthrie YES Kentucky Republican

Doc Hastings NO Washington Republican

Dean Heller NO Nevada Republican (Resigned 2011)

Jeb Hensarling NO Texas Republican

Wally Herger NO California Republican

Peter Hoekstra YES Michigan Republican (until 2010)

Duncan Hunter Jr. NO California Republican

Bob Inglis NO South Carolina Republican (until 2010)

Darrell Issa YES California Republican

Lynn Jenkins NO Kansas Republican

Sam Johnson NO Texas Republican

Timothy Johnson NO Illinois Republican

Walter Beaman Jones YES North Carolina Republican

Jim Jordan NO Ohio Republican

Peter King YES New York Rep./Ind./Cons./Right-To-Life

Steve King NO Iowa Republican

Jack Kingston YES Georgia Republican

Mark Kirk YES Illinois Republican (until 2010)

John Kline YES Minnesota Republican

Doug Lamborn NO Colorado Republican

Leonard Lance YES New Jersey Republican

Tom Latham YES Iowa Republican

Steven LaTourette YES Ohio Republican

Bob Latta NO Ohio Republican

Chris Lee YES New York Republican (Resigned 2011)

Jerry Lewis NO California Republican

Frank LoBiondo YES New Jersey Republican

Frank Dean Lucas NO Oklahoma Republican

Blaine Luetkemeyer NO Missouri Republican

Dan Lungren NO California Republican

Connie Mack IV NO Florida Republican

Donald Manzullo YES Illinois Republican

Kenny Marchant YES Texas Republican

Kevin McCarthy NO California Republican

Tom McClintock NO California Republican

Thad McCotter YES Michigan Republican

Patrick McHenry NO North Carolina Republican

John McHugh YES New York Republican/Conservative

Buck McKeon YES California Republican

Cathy McMorris-Rodgers NO Washington Republican

John Mica NO Florida Republican

Candice Miller YES Michigan Republican

Gary Miller YES California Republican

Jeff Miller NO Florida Republican

Jerry Moran NO Kansas Republican (until 2010)

Tim Murphy YES Pennsylvania Republican

Sue Myrick NO North Carolina Republican

Randy Neugebauer NO Texas Republican

Devin Nunes NO California Republican

Pete Olson NO Texas Republican

Ron Paul NO Texas Republican

Erik Paulsen NO Minnesota Republican

Mike Pence NO Indiana Republican (Gov. run 2012)

Tom Petri YES Wisconsin Republican

Joseph Pitts YES Pennsylvania Republican

Todd Platts YES Pennsylvania Republican

Ted Poe YES Texas Republican

Bill Posey NO Florida Republican

Tom Price NO Georgia Republican

Dennis Rehberg YES Montana Republican (Senate run 2012)

Dave Reichert YES Washington Republican (Governor run 2012)

Phil Roe YES Tennessee Republican

Hal Rogers NO Kentucky Republican

Michael Rogers YES Alabama Republican

Mike Rogers YES Michigan Republican

Dana Rohrabacher NO California Republican

Tom Rooney NO Florida Republican

Ileana Ros-Lehtinen YES Florida Republican

Peter Roskam NO Illinois Republican

Ed Royce NO California Republican

Paul Ryan NO Wisconsin Republican

Steve Scalise NO Louisiana Republican

Jean Schmidt NO Ohio Republican

Aaron Schock NO Illinois Republican

James Sensenbrenner NO Wisconsin Republican

Pete Sessions NO Texas Republican

John Shadegg NO Arizona Republican

John Shimkus YES Illinois Republican

Bill Shuster YES Pennsylvania Republican

Mike Simpson YES Idaho Republican

Adrian Smith NO Nebraska Republican

Christopher Smith YES New Jersey Republican

Lamar Smith NO Texas Republican

Mark Souder YES Indiana Republican (until 2010)

Cliff Stearns YES Florida Republican

John Sullivan NO Oklahoma Republican

Lee Terry YES Nebraska Republican

Glenn Thompson YES Pennsylvania Republican

Mac Thornberry NO Texas Republican

Todd Tiahrt YES Kansas Republican (until 2010)

Pat Tiberi YES Ohio Republican

Mike Turner YES Ohio Republican

Fred Upton YES Michigan Republican

Greg Walden YES Oregon Republican

Zach Wamp YES Tennessee Republican (until 2010)

Lynn Westmoreland NO Georgia Republican

Ed Whitfield NO Kentucky Republican

Joe Wilson NO South Carolina Republican

Robert Wittman NO Virginia Republican

Frank Wolf NO Virginia Republican

Bill Young YES Florida Republican

Don Young NO Alaska Republican

Independents voting on 2009-H682

Marion Berry YES Arkansas Former Democrat (until 2010)

John Boozman NO Arkansas Former GOP (until 2010)

Allen Boyd NO Florida Former Democrat (until 2010)

Ginny Brown-Waite YES Florida Former GOP (until 2010)

Michael Castle YES Delaware Former GOP (until 2010)

Artur Davis YES Alabama Former Democrat (until 2010)

Lincoln Diaz-Balart YES Florida Former GOP (until 2010)

Alan Grayson YES Florida Former Democrat (until 2010)

Parker Griffith YES Alabama Former GOP (until 2010)

Ann Kirkpatrick NO Arizona Former Democrat (until 2010)

Ron Klein YES Florida Former Democrat (until 2010)

Suzanne Kosmas YES Florida Former Democrat (until 2010)

Betsy Markey YES Colorado Former Democrat (until 2010)

Jim Marshall NO Georgia Former Democrat (until 2010)

Kendrick Meek YES Florida Former Democrat (until 2010)

Walt Minnick YES Idaho Former Democrat (until 2010)

Harry Mitchell NO Arizona Former Democrat (until 2010)

Adam Putnam YES Florida Former GOP (until 2010)

George Radanovich NO California Former GOP (until 2010)

Vic Snyder YES Arkansas Former Democrat (until 2010)

Diane Watson YES California Former Democrat (until 2010)

Total votes recorded by OnTheIssues:

Democrats: YES 229; NO 11
Republicans: YES 72; NO 92
Independents: YES 15; NO 6

Vote number 2009-H682 $2 billion more for Cash for Clunkers program on Jul 31, 2009 regarding bill H.R. 3435 Cash for Clunkers bill Results: Passed 316-109 (2/3rds required)

Categorized under Environment

Voting YES counts for 1 points on VoteMatch question 18:Replace coal & oil with alternatives; Voting NO counts for -1 points on VoteMatch question 18.

Democrats voting on 2009-H682

Republicans voting on 2009-H682

Independents voting on 2009-H682

Total votes recorded by OnTheIssues:

Vote number 2009-H682 $2 billion more for Cash for Clunkers program
on Jul 31, 2009 regarding bill H.R. 3435 Cash for Clunkers bill
Results: Passed 316-109 (2/3rds required)

Voting YES counts for 1 points on VoteMatch question 18:
Replace coal & oil with alternatives;
Voting NO counts for -1 points on VoteMatch question 18.