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John F. Kennedy
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Past Presidents:
Barack Obama
Democratic President, 2009-2017
George W. Bush
Republican President, 2001-2009
Bill Clinton
Democratic President, 1993-2001
George Bush Sr.
Republican President, 1989-1993
Ronald Reagan
Republican President, 1981-1989
Jimmy Carter
Democratic President, 1977-1981
Gerald Ford
Republican President, 1974-1977
Richard Nixon
Republican President, 1969-1974
Lyndon Johnson
Democratic President, 1963-1969
John F. Kennedy
Democratic President, 1961-1963
Dwight Eisenhower
Republican President, 1953-1961
Harry S Truman
Democratic President, 1945-1953

Past Vice Presidents:
Joe Biden
Democratic Vice-President, 2009-2017
Dick Cheney
Republican Vice-President, 2001-2009
Al Gore
Democratic Vice-President, 1993-2001
Dan Quayle
Republican Vice-President, 1989-1993
George Bush Sr.
Republican Vice-President, 1981-1989
Walter Mondale
Democratic Vice-President, 1977-1981
Lyndon Johnson
Democratic Vice-President, 1961-1963
Richard Nixon
Republican Vice-President, 1953-1961
Harry S Truman
Democratic Vice-President, 1941-1945

Past Major-Party Nominees for President:
Hillary Clinton
Democratic Nominee for Vice-President, 2016
Mitt Romney
Republican Nominee for President, 2012
John McCain
Republican Nominee for President, 2008
John Kerry
Democratic Nominee for President, 2004
Al Gore
Democratic Nominee for President, 2000
Bob Dole
Republican Nominee for President, 1996

Past Major-Party Nominees for Vice President:
Tim Kaine
Democratic Nominee for President, 2016
Paul Ryan
Republican Nominee for Vice-President, 2012
Sarah Palin
Republican Nominee for Vice-President, 2008
John Edwards
Democratic Nominee for Vice-President, 2004
Joe Lieberman
Democratic Nominee for Vice-President, 2000
Bob Dole
Republican Nominee for Vice-President, 1976

Archives


Team of Five, by Kate Brower

From the Ground Up: A Journey to Reimagine the Promise of America

Grolier Encyclopedia

JFK and the Reagan Revolution, by Larry Kudlow

Last Line of Defense, by Ken Cuccinelli

The Rise of Marco Rubio, by Manuel Roig-Franzia

Passage of Power, by Robert Caro

Obama and the Empire, by Former Cuban President Fidel Castro

Time to Get Tough, by Donald Trump

The American Presidency Project

63 Documents, by Gov. Jesse Ventura

Known and Unknown, by Donald Rumsfeld

OnTheIssues Fact Checking

Courage and Consequence, by Karl Rove

America by Heart, by Sarah Palin

The Last Best Hope, by Joe Scarborough

My Extraordinary, Ordinary Family and Me, by Condoleezza Rice

In the President`s Secret Service, by Ronald Kessler

New Yorker magazine

The 100: Insight and Lessons from 100 of the Greatest Speeches Ever Delivered

True Compass, by Sen. Ted Kennedy

State of Emergency: The Third World Invasion and Conquest of America, by Patrick J. Buchanan

This Moment On Earth, by John Kerry

Our Endangered Values, by Jimmy Carter

Condi vs. Hillary: The Next Great Presidential Race

They Think You're Stupid, by Herman Cain (May 31, 2005)

Tour of Duty

Power and Terror, by Noam Chomsky

A Question of Character, by Thomas Reeves

Kennedy & Nixon, by Chris Matthews

Quotations from Speaker Newt, by Newt Gingrich and Amy D. Bernstein

Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson, by Eric F. Goldman

Thirteen Days, by Robert F. Kennedy

Waging Peace, the memoirs of President Dwight Eisenhower

Kennedy, by Ted Sorensen

A Thousand Days, by Arthur Schlesinger

A Nation of Immigrants, by John F. Kennedy

John Kennedy's of the Union speeches, 1961-1963

The Kennedy-Nixon Presidential Debates, Sept.-Oct. 1960

Profiles in Courage, by John F. Kennedy

(click a picture above for excerpts or other books and debates by or about John_F__Kennedy)

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Issues
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Environment
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Immigration
Infrastructure & Technology
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Principles & Values
Social Security
Tax Reform
War & Peace
Welfare & Poverty
  
International Issues  Domestic Issues   Economic Issues  Social Issues 
Foreign Policy Gun Control Budget & Economy Education
Homeland Security Crime Government Reform   Civil Rights
War & Peace Drugs Tax Reform Abortion
Free Trade Health Care Social Security Families & Children
Immigration  Technology Corporations Welfare & Poverty
Energy & Oil  Environment Jobs Principles & Values
John F. Kennedy on Abortion
Click here for the full quote on Abortion OR other political leaders on Abortion.
  • Supply funds for international birth control studies. (Jan 1965)
John F. Kennedy on Budget & Economy
Click here for 12 full quotes on Budget & Economy OR other political leaders on Budget & Economy.
  • Moving away from New Deal means tax cuts & strong dollar. (Sep 2016)
  • Father served as 1st Securities & Exchange Commission chair. (May 2012)
  • Concept of balanced budget is misleading mythology. (May 2012)
  • Heavy deficit spending to recover from 1961 recession. (Jan 1965)
  • 1961 recession plan: prompt recovery toward long-term growth. (Jan 1965)
  • Presided over strongest economic expansion in modern history. (Jan 1965)
  • All presidents outspend their predecessors. (Jan 1965)
  • Steady rise in expenditures as economic stimulus. (Jan 1965)
  • Economic stimulus took us from recession to recovery. (Jan 1962)
  • Since 1958 recession, the American economy is in trouble. (Jan 1961)
  • Gold outflow results from obligations abroad. (Oct 1960)
  • More interested in federal programs than in cutting deficit. (Sep 1960)
John F. Kennedy on Civil Rights
Click here for 13 full quotes on Civil Rights OR other political leaders on Civil Rights.
  • Promised to end segregation; LBJ fulfilled promise. (Jan 2012)
  • FactCheck: 1960 election 70%-30% for JFK among black voters. (Apr 2011)
  • 1960 election: Won African American vote 70%-30% over Nixon. (Oct 2005)
  • 1961: created Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. (Jun 2005)
  • We should not counsel patience and delay on equal rights. (Mar 2003)
  • Courage to apply equal rights to minorities. (Mar 2003)
  • Push to register black voters to help Democrats in 1964. (Dec 1997)
  • Encouraged federal offices to hire blacks. (Dec 1997)
  • 1960: Called Martin Luther King's wife when MLK was jailed. (Jun 1996)
  • Impatient for school desegregation in early 1960s. (Jan 1965)
  • Civil rights in public, not private intermarriage. (Jan 1965)
  • Executive action for immediate civil rights progress. (Jan 1965)
  • 1920s Know-Nothing Party: formed to fight Irish immigrants. (Jan 1963)
John F. Kennedy on Corporations
Click here for 3 full quotes on Corporations OR other political leaders on Corporations.
  • Threat of price-fixing probe got Big Steel to lower prices. (Dec 1997)
  • 1962: Negotiated no steel price rise & no pay raise. (Jun 1996)
  • Shift tax payments of large corporations to a current time. (Jan 1963)
John F. Kennedy on Crime
Click here for 3 full quotes on Crime OR other political leaders on Crime.
  • Warned before assassination to avoid Dallas as too dangerous. (Jun 2009)
  • After assassination, Secret Service bolstered security. (Jun 2009)
  • New weapons to combat organized crime. (Jan 1962)
John F. Kennedy on Drugs
Click here for the full quote on Drugs OR other political leaders on Drugs.
  • Crack down on the illicit sale of habit-forming drugs. (Jan 1962)
John F. Kennedy on Education
Click here for 10 full quotes on Education OR other political leaders on Education.
  • 1950s: Supported federal aid to parochial schools. (Dec 1997)
  • 1960s: hasten school desegregation; integrate public places. (Dec 1997)
  • Refused any federal financial help to parochial schools. (Mar 1974)
  • Liberty without learning is always in peril. (Jan 1965)
  • Aid to Education Bill defeated when private schools excluded. (Jan 1965)
  • The human mind is our fundamental resource. (Jan 1965)
  • 1963 Higher Education Act: more grants; more colleges. (Jan 1965)
  • Pray ourselves, if courts won't allow school prayer. (Jan 1965)
  • Comprehensive education from pre-school to post-college. (Jan 1963)
  • Wants federal money to go to states for teacher salaries. (Sep 1960)
John F. Kennedy on Energy & Oil
Click here for 3 full quotes on Energy & Oil OR other political leaders on Energy & Oil.
  • 1963 tax bill: remove loopholes favoring oil companies. (May 2012)
  • Supplement oil resources with atomic energy. (Nov 1960)
  • Cut oil depletion allowance for largest producers. (Oct 1960)
John F. Kennedy on Environment
Click here for 7 full quotes on Environment OR other political leaders on Environment.
  • 1962: Supported anti-DDT conclusions of "Silent Spring". (Sep 2012)
  • 1956: Voted against propping up farm prices. (May 2012)
  • Investigated claims against DDT, which led to its ban. (Jan 2007)
  • We all inhabit a small planet & breathe the same air. (Mar 2003)
  • Rural Areas Development program for agriculture technology. (Jan 1965)
  • Youth Conservation Corps: develop outdoor resources. (Mar 1962)
  • Invest in facilities for the important resources of the seas. (Mar 1961)
John F. Kennedy on Families & Children
Click here for 2 full quotes on Families & Children OR other political leaders on Families & Children.
  • Find simple, effective, inexpensive fertility control. (Jan 1965)
  • Remove barriers to reuniting immigrant families. (Jan 1963)
John F. Kennedy on Foreign Policy
Click here for 29 full quotes on Foreign Policy OR other political leaders on Foreign Policy.
  • 1957: Supported Algeria's struggle for independence. (May 2012)
  • Thin foreign policy record from all-too-short presidency. (Feb 2011)
  • 1963: Support the beleaguered people of Berlin. (Mar 2010)
  • OpEd: Bay of Pigs invasion showed he was young and untried. (Apr 2009)
  • 1961: Warned aggressors that US ready to defend freedom. (Jun 2005)
  • Food for Peace: $1.5B shipments annually. (Dec 1997)
  • Peace Corps: highest response to "ask not" request. (Dec 1997)
  • Alliance for Progress: $500M for Latin American cooperation. (Dec 1997)
  • 1957: Switch from Eurocentrism to focus on developing world. (Jun 1996)
  • No US troops to Taiwan to defend Quemoy and Matsu. (Jun 1996)
  • "World safe for diversity", instead of "safe for democracy". (Jan 1965)
  • 1961: Created the Peace Corps. (Jan 1965)
  • Alianza para el Progreso: development aid for Latin America. (Jan 1965)
  • Alliance for Progress followed up on 1957 change in policy. (Jan 1965)
  • Help population control abroad with methods of their choice. (Jan 1965)
  • Peace Corps carries spirit of America abroad. (Jan 1963)
  • Free the Americas of all foreign domination and all tyranny. (Jan 1961)
  • Alianza Para Progreso: Food-for-Peace to Latin America. (Jan 1961)

    Anti-Communism

  • We can work with Communists? Let them come to Berlin!. (Mar 2010)
  • 1963: Ich bin ein Berliner; freedom is indivisible. (Sep 2009)
  • Immunized himself from suspicion of being "soft on Reds". (Dec 1997)
  • 1949: Stop onrushing tide of communism from engulfing Asia. (Jun 1996)
  • Committed "Cold Warrior," including aid to Franco's Spain. (Jun 1996)
  • Rage at those who ignore Soviet expansionism in Europe. (Jun 1996)
  • US has obligation to defend freedom. (Sep 1960)
  • US needs more economic & social strength to fight Communism. (Sep 1960)

    Cuba

  • Initiated 8 assassination attempts against Cuba's Castro. (May 2012)
  • Travel restraints after Cuban missile crisis kept until 1977. (Sep 2006)
  • Bay of Pigs defeat enhanced Castro's stature. (Apr 1961)
John F. Kennedy on Free Trade
Click here for 7 full quotes on Free Trade OR other political leaders on Free Trade.
  • Sell surplus wheat to Russia to alleviate food shortages. (May 2012)
  • Every industry wants higher tariffs on competitors. (Mar 2003)
  • Economic isolation incompatible with political leadership. (Jan 1965)
  • Send surplus wheat to Russians, while subsidizing US farmers. (Jan 1965)
  • New instrument of trade policy with European Common Market. (Jan 1962)
  • No need for restrictive trade policies. (Jan 1961)
  • Persuade other countries not to restrict our goods coming in. (Oct 1960)
John F. Kennedy on Government Reform
Click here for 5 full quotes on Government Reform OR other political leaders on Government Reform.
  • By 1963, all his major legislative proposals had stalled. (May 2012)
  • Courage motivated by national interest over political gain. (Mar 2003)
  • 1946: Missed filing deadline for running for Congress. (Jun 1996)
  • Ask not what your country can do for you. (Jan 1961)
  • Government programs help people do what they can't do alone. (Sep 1960)
John F. Kennedy on Gun Control
Click here for other political leaders on Gun Control.
    No issue stance yet recorded by OnTheIssues.org.
John F. Kennedy on Health Care
Click here for 3 full quotes on Health Care OR other political leaders on Health Care.
  • 1949: Took "miracle drug," cortisone, for Addison's disease. (May 2012)
  • Attempted unsuccessfully to create retirement-based Medicare. (Jan 1965)
  • Social Security can pay for good medical care for elderly. (Sep 1960)
John F. Kennedy on Homeland Security
Click here for 11 full quotes on Homeland Security OR other political leaders on Homeland Security.
  • Danger that security needs will expand to censorship. (Apr 2011)
  • Invented "pre-emption doctrine" in Cuban Missile Crisis. (Oct 2010)
  • Bay of Pigs intended to liberate Cuba; ended as fiasco. (Dec 1997)
  • Increase military spending to fight domino effect in SE Asia. (Dec 1997)
  • 1963: Test Ban Treaty: no nukes in space nor oceans. (Dec 1997)
  • Lone senator to take no position on McCarthy condemnation. (Jun 1996)
  • Defense spending should not be limited by budget amount. (Jan 1965)
  • Increased defense spending, but also increased efficiency. (Jan 1965)
  • More air-lift; more submarines; more missiles. (Jan 1961)
  • No atmospheric nuclear testing; push multilateral treaty. (Oct 1960)
  • Negotiate with USSR from a position of strength. (Oct 1960)
John F. Kennedy on Immigration
Click here for 11 full quotes on Immigration OR other political leaders on Immigration.
  • OpEd: More immigrants today than in JFK's immigration book. (Oct 2007)
  • America's capacity to absorb immigration is limited. (Oct 2007)
  • Don't make over the face of America with immigration. (Oct 2007)
  • 1950s: Voted for liberalized immigration laws. (Dec 1997)
  • Emigration decision brings incalculable uncertainty. (Jan 1963)
  • Italians came for economics, not religion nor repression. (Jan 1963)
  • We say same of Mexicans that we said about Irish & Italians. (Jan 1963)
  • Opponents have called to stop immigration since 1797. (Jan 1963)
  • Limiting specific nations defies "all men are created equal". (Jan 1963)
  • National origin quotas are indefensible racial preferences. (Jan 1963)
  • Remove distinction between native-born & naturalized citizen. (Aug 1960)
John F. Kennedy on Jobs
Click here for 8 full quotes on Jobs OR other political leaders on Jobs.
  • 1962: National security excludes unions at FBI & CIA. (Nov 2010)
  • Got union to lower wages; got Big Steel to lower prices. (Dec 1997)
  • 1946: Power of big labor has to be tamed. (Jun 1996)
  • 1961: Added 13-week unemployment benefits in recession. (Jan 1965)
  • Tax reduction is first part of assault on unemployment. (Jan 1965)
  • 1890s Jewish immigrants formed first Garment Workers Unions. (Jan 1963)
  • Permanent strengthening of our unemployment compensation. (Jan 1962)
  • Temporary recession increases in unemployment compensation. (Jan 1961)
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John F. Kennedy on Principles & Values
Click here for 38 full quotes on Principles & Values OR other political leaders on Principles & Values.
  • Called on Nixon and Eisenhower for advice in crises. (Apr 2020)
  • 1963: Walter Cronkite announced assassination on live TV. (Jan 2019)
  • Legacy is aspiration, not legislative accomplishments. (Mar 2010)
  • Camelot: romantic model of public service & inspiration. (Sep 2009)
  • Insisted on low-security open convertible despite risks. (Jun 2009)
  • 1961: Ask not what your country can do for you. (Jun 2005)
  • Profile in Courage award to honor those with courage. (Mar 2003)
  • Politics obscures courage; but there is political courage. (Mar 2003)
  • Compromise is essential for functioning government. (Mar 2003)
  • Senators must balance conscience with constituents' views. (Mar 2003)
  • Senator's loyalties split among party, state, & nation. (Mar 2003)
  • We all face tests of courage, with unions, friends, etc. (Mar 2003)
  • "Camelot" symbolizes longing for something beautiful & lost. (Jun 1996)
  • Freedom of worship is based on religious diversity. (Jan 1963)
  • Rendezvous with destiny: get America moving again in 1960s. (Oct 1960)

    1940s-1950s Campaigns

  • First elected to U.S. House in 1946; to Senate in 1952. (Nov 2016)
  • 1946: Campaigned for House door-to-door in Boston. (May 2012)
  • 1948: Rate of absenteeism was one of highest in the House. (May 2012)
  • Ambassador father pushed JFK into politics. (Dec 1997)
  • OpEd: 1952: wins Senate seat with dazzle but not substance. (Dec 1997)
  • 1955: "Profiles in Courage" established political stature. (Jun 1996)
  • Ran for Vice Presidency at 1956 convention. (Jun 1996)
  • 1957: Won Pulitzer Prize for Profiles in Courage. (Jun 1996)

    1960 Campaign

  • 1959: Big-city mayors recalled anti-Catholic 1928 campaign. (May 2012)
  • 1960: Today we stand on the edge of a New Frontier. (Sep 2009)
  • Won 1960 election over Nixon by only 0.1%. (Dec 1997)
  • 1960: Give direction to our traditional moral purpose. (Dec 1997)
  • 1953: Targeted Nixon as presidential rival for 1960. (Jun 1996)
  • 1960: primaries dominated for first time over backrooms. (Jun 1996)
  • 1960 slogan: Get the country moving again. (Jun 1996)
  • 1960: US is standing still & suffering lowered prestige. (Jan 1965)

    Personal Background

  • JFKs's Addison disease kept secret for decades. (May 2017)
  • 1960: separate Catholic identity from public life. (Nov 2010)
  • The Catholic Question: I follow both my conscience & nation. (Sep 2009)
  • Double life as charismatic leader and cheating husband. (Jun 2009)
  • 1947: Diagnosed with Addison's Disease and given Last Rites. (Jun 1996)
  • Founded "Muckers Club" to fight high school elitism. (Jun 1996)
  • 1953: Married Jackie when she was 22-year-old college senior. (Jun 1996)
John F. Kennedy on Social Security
Click here for 4 full quotes on Social Security OR other political leaders on Social Security.
  • 1962: Increased minimum wage and Social Security benefits. (Dec 1997)
  • 1961: liberalize social security to help end recession. (Jan 1965)
  • Quality of life is unfinished business of FDR's New Deal. (Jan 1965)
  • Put medical care for the aged under Social Security. (Oct 1960)
John F. Kennedy on Tax Reform
Click here for 11 full quotes on Tax Reform OR other political leaders on Tax Reform.
  • 1961 tax cuts inspired 1985 closing of tax loopholes. (Sep 2016)
  • 1963: Our tax system siphons too much out of private economy. (Feb 2013)
  • FactCheck: JFK lowered top income tax rate from 91% to 65%. (Dec 2012)
  • 1962: Paradoxically raise revenues by cutting tax rates. (Dec 2011)
  • OpEd: knew that high taxes put people out of work. (Jan 1995)
  • 1961: We need tax cut to keep drive from running out of gas. (Jan 1965)
  • 1963: Tax cut first; then expenditures program. (Jan 1965)
  • Lower top income tax rate from 91% to 65%. (Jan 1963)
  • Obsolete tax system drags on private employment. (Jan 1963)
  • Cut personal & corporate taxes to stimulate economy. (Dec 1962)
  • Apply withholding requirements to dividends & interest. (Jan 1962)
John F. Kennedy on Technology
Click here for 6 full quotes on Technology OR other political leaders on Technology.
  • 1956: National recognition for brief VP race on TV. (May 2012)
  • 1960: Understood the relatively new media of television. (Mar 2010)
  • Established TV as central element of electoral process. (Oct 2005)
  • 1962: We choose to go to the moon because doing it is hard. (Sep 1962)
  • Cooperate with USSR on weather satellites & exploring space. (Jan 1961)
  • USSR is ahead in space; focus more on new science. (Oct 1960)
John F. Kennedy on War & Peace
Click here for 22 full quotes on War & Peace OR other political leaders on War & Peace.
  • FactCheck: RFK hid truth of Cuban Missile Crisis until 1997. (Dec 2018)
  • Any Cuban missile launched anywhere is an attack on the US. (Nov 2016)
  • 1963: Negotiated first, limited Nuclear Test Ban. (Nov 2016)
  • 1961: U2 spy planes spotted offensive missile sites in Cuba. (Jun 2012)
  • Commanding PT-59 in WWII, sank three Japanese barges. (May 2012)
  • 1962: Rejected faking Gitmo attack as war pretext with Cuba. (Apr 2011)
  • 1963: Planned to remove all troops from Vietnam by 1965. (Apr 2011)
  • 1940: best-seller, "Why England Slept". (Sep 2009)
  • 1943: PT-109 rammed; crew rescued from South Pacific. (Sep 2009)
  • 1961: Accepted sole responsibility for Bay of Pigs disaster. (Sep 2009)
  • OpEd: Vietnam war restored the French colonial empire. (Apr 2009)
  • 1960s: Increased US troops in Vietnam from 900 to 16,000. (Jan 2004)
  • In early 1960s, nobody protested US attacks in Vietnam. (May 2002)
  • Avoid mistake of WWII by stopping Soviet advance in Europe. (Jun 1996)
  • Pouring money into jungles of Indochina is self-destructive. (Jun 1996)
  • 1962: Supported anti-Diem coup as means to win Vietnam War. (Jun 1996)
  • Defend vital interests while preventing nuclear holocaust. (Jan 1969)
  • Pressure the USSR without causing them public humiliation. (Jan 1969)
  • Trading missiles in Cuba for Jupiters in Turkey is a threat. (Jan 1969)
  • Increased anti-guerilla forces; founded the Green Berets. (Jan 1965)
  • USSR removes missiles from Cuba; US ends blockade & invasion. (Nov 1962)
  • Defend Quemoy and Matsu if Communist China attacks Taiwan. (Oct 1960)
John F. Kennedy on Welfare & Poverty
Click here for 7 full quotes on Welfare & Poverty OR other political leaders on Welfare & Poverty.
  • 1960: Everyone has equal chance to develop his talents. (Jan 2019)
  • As congressman, backed working-class social legislation. (Nov 2016)
  • Area Development Act: public works in low economic areas. (Dec 1997)
  • New Deal contributes to end of capitalism in America. (Jun 1996)
  • Substandard homes are unfinished business of War on Poverty. (Jan 1965)
  • Greater investment in distressed areas & distressed people. (Jan 1965)
  • Meet the problem of 25 million who are poorly fed. (Oct 1960)


VoteMatch Responses
(Click here for VoteMatch quiz)
VoteMatch Question & Answer
(Click on question for explanation and background)
Based on these stances:
(Click on topic for excerpt & citation)
Favors topic 1:
Abortion is a woman's unrestricted right
(+2 points on Social scale)
Supply funds for international birth control studies: Favors topic 1
Find simple, effective, inexpensive fertility control: Favors topic 1
Help population control abroad with methods of their choice: Favors topic 1
Strongly Favors topic 2:
Legally require hiring women & minorities
(-5 points on Economic scale)
Promised to end segregation; LBJ fulfilled promise: Favors topic 2
1961: created Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity: Strongly Favors topic 2
We should not counsel patience and delay on equal rights: Strongly Favors topic 2
Courage to apply equal rights to minorities: Strongly Favors topic 2
Encouraged federal offices to hire blacks: Strongly Favors topic 2
1960s: hasten school desegregation; integrate public places: Strongly Favors topic 2
1960: Called Martin Luther King's wife when MLK was jailed: Strongly Favors topic 2
Impatient for school desegregation in early 1960s: Strongly Favors topic 2
Civil rights in public, not private intermarriage: Favors topic 2
Executive action for immediate civil rights progress: Strongly Favors topic 2
No opinion on topic 3:
Comfortable with same-sex marriage
(0 points on Social scale)
(No votes on which to base response)
Strongly Opposes topic 4:
Keep God in the public sphere
(+5 points on Social scale)
Pray ourselves, if courts won't allow school prayer: Strongly Opposes topic 4
1960: separate Catholic identity from public life: Strongly Opposes topic 4
Strongly Favors topic 5:
Expand ObamaCare
(-5 points on Economic scale)
Attempted unsuccessfully to create retirement-based Medicare: Strongly Favors topic 5
Opposes topic 6:
Privatize Social Security
(-3 points on Economic scale)
1962: Increased minimum wage and Social Security benefits: Opposes topic 6
1961: liberalize social security to help end recession: Opposes topic 6
Put medical care for the aged under Social Security: Opposes topic 6
Strongly Opposes topic 7:
Vouchers for school choice
(-5 points on Economic scale)
1950s: Supported federal aid to parochial schools: Strongly Favors topic 7
Refused any federal financial help to parochial schools: Strongly Opposes topic 7
Refused any federal financial help to parochial schools: Strongly Opposes topic 7
Liberty without learning is always in peril: Opposes topic 7
Aid to Education Bill defeated when private schools excluded: Strongly Opposes topic 7
1963 Higher Education Act: more grants; more colleges: Strongly Opposes topic 7
Comprehensive education from pre-school to post-college: Opposes topic 7
Strongly Opposes topic 8:
Fight EPA regulatory over-reach
(+5 points on Social scale)
1962: Supported anti-DDT conclusions of "Silent Spring": Strongly Opposes topic 8
Investigated claims against DDT, which led to its ban: Strongly Opposes topic 8
Youth Conservation Corps: develop outdoor resources: Strongly Opposes topic 8
Invest in facilities for the important resources of the seas: Strongly Opposes topic 8
Favors topic 9:
Stricter punishment reduces crime
(-3 points on Social scale)
New weapons to combat organized crime: Favors topic 9
No opinion on topic 10:
Absolute right to gun ownership
(0 points on Economic scale)
(No votes on which to base response)
Favors topic 11:
Higher taxes on the wealthy
(-3 points on Economic scale)
1962: Paradoxically raise revenues by cutting tax rates: Opposes topic 11
Heavy deficit spending to recover from 1961 recession: Favors topic 11
Tax reduction is first part of assault on unemployment: Opposes topic 11
1961: We need tax cut to keep drive from running out of gas: Opposes topic 11
1963: Tax cut first; then expenditures program: Strongly Favors topic 11
Shift tax payments of large corporations to a current time: Favors topic 11
Lower top income tax rate from 91% to 65%: Favors topic 11
Apply withholding requirements to dividends & interest: Favors topic 11
Favors topic 12:
Pathway to citizenship for illegal aliens
(+2 points on Social scale)
America's capacity to absorb immigration is limited: Opposes topic 12
Don't make over the face of America with immigration: Opposes topic 12
1950s: Voted for liberalized immigration laws: Favors topic 12
We say same of Mexicans that we said about Irish & Italians: Favors topic 12
Opponents have called to stop immigration since 1797: Strongly Favors topic 12
Limiting specific nations defies "all men are created equal": Strongly Favors topic 12
National origin quotas are indefensible racial preferences: Strongly Favors topic 12
Remove distinction between native-born & naturalized citizen: Strongly Favors topic 12
Favors topic 13:
Support & expand free trade
(+2 points on Economic scale)
Sell surplus wheat to Russia to alleviate food shortages: Favors topic 13
Every industry wants higher tariffs on competitors: Favors topic 13
Send surplus wheat to Russians, while subsidizing US farmers: Opposes topic 13
New instrument of trade policy with European Common Market: Favors topic 13
No need for restrictive trade policies: Favors topic 13
Persuade other countries not to restrict our goods coming in: Favors topic 13
Strongly Opposes topic 14:
Support American Exceptionalism
(-5 points on Economic scale)
1957: Supported Algeria's struggle for independence: Opposes topic 14
"World safe for diversity", instead of "safe for democracy": Strongly Opposes topic 14
1961: Created the Peace Corps: Strongly Opposes topic 14
Alianza para el Progreso: development aid for Latin America: Opposes topic 14
Peace Corps carries spirit of America abroad: Strongly Opposes topic 14
Favors topic 15:
Expand the military
(-3 points on Social scale)
Increase military spending to fight domino effect in SE Asia: Favors topic 15
1963: Test Ban Treaty: no nukes in space nor oceans: Opposes topic 15
Defense spending should not be limited by budget amount: Strongly Favors topic 15
Increased defense spending, but also increased efficiency: Favors topic 15
Increased anti-guerilla forces; founded the Green Berets: Favors topic 15
More air-lift; more submarines; more missiles: Strongly Favors topic 15
No opinion on topic 16:
Make voter registration easier
(0 points on Social scale)
(No votes on which to base response)
Opposes topic 17:
Avoid foreign entanglements
(-3 points on Social scale)
Any Cuban missile launched anywhere is an attack on the US: Opposes topic 17
1963: Negotiated first, limited Nuclear Test Ban: Favors topic 17
1963: Planned to remove all troops from Vietnam by 1965: Favors topic 17
No US troops to Taiwan to defend Quemoy and Matsu: Opposes topic 17
Pouring money into jungles of Indochina is self-destructive: Favors topic 17
Defend vital interests while preventing nuclear holocaust: Favors topic 17
Pressure the USSR without causing them public humiliation: Opposes topic 17
Trading missiles in Cuba for Jupiters in Turkey is a threat: Opposes topic 17
USSR removes missiles from Cuba; US ends blockade & invasion: Opposes topic 17
Free the Americas of all foreign domination and all tyranny: Opposes topic 17
Negotiate with USSR from a position of strength: Opposes topic 17
1949: Stop onrushing tide of communism from engulfing Asia: Opposes topic 17
Bay of Pigs defeat enhanced Castro's stature: Opposes topic 17
Strongly Favors topic 18:
Prioritize green energy
(-5 points on Economic scale)
1963 tax bill: remove loopholes favoring oil companies: Strongly Favors topic 18
Supplement oil resources with atomic energy: Favors topic 18
Cut oil depletion allowance for largest producers: Favors topic 18
Favors topic 19:
Marijuana is a gateway drug
(-3 points on Social scale)
Crack down on the illicit sale of habit-forming drugs: Favors topic 19
Favors topic 20:
Stimulus better than market-led recovery
(-3 points on Economic scale)
Moving away from New Deal means tax cuts & strong dollar: Strongly Opposes topic 20
Heavy deficit spending to recover from 1961 recession: Strongly Favors topic 20
Steady rise in expenditures as economic stimulus: Strongly Favors topic 20
1961: Added 13-week unemployment benefits in recession: Strongly Favors topic 20
Cut personal & corporate taxes to stimulate economy: Strongly Opposes topic 20
Economic stimulus took us from recession to recovery: Strongly Favors topic 20
More interested in federal programs than in cutting deficit: Strongly Favors topic 20
Government programs help people do what they can't do alone: Strongly Favors topic 20

John F. Kennedy is a Liberal Populist
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